都柏林准则 The Dublin Principles

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都柏林准则

The Dublin Principles

国际古迹遗址理事会-国际工业遗产保护委员会联合准则：工业遗产、构筑物、区域和景观的保护
Joint ICOMOS – TICCIH Principles for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage Sites, Structures, Areas and Landscapes

2011年11月28日在17届国际古迹遗址理事会全体大会上通过
Adopted by the 17th ICOMOS General Assembly on 28 November 2011

翻译：马雨墨审阅：周岚

序言
Preamble

在世界各地，多种多样的遗址、构筑物、复合体、城市以及聚落、区域、景观和线路等见证了人类工业开采和生产活动的进程。在许多地方，这些遗产还在使用中，工业化在历史进程中也依然非常活跃，而另一些地方的工业遗产则成为过往活动和技术的考古证据。除了与工业技术、流程、工程、建筑和城市规划联系紧密的有形遗产，工业遗产还包括许多无形遗产，比如深植于工人群体中的技术、记忆和社会生活。

Around the World, a great diversity of sites, structures, complexes, cities and settlements, areas, landscapes and routes bear witness to human activities of industrial extraction and production. In many places, this heritage is still in use and industrialisation is still an active process with a sense of historical continuity, while in other places it offers archaeological evidence of past activities and technologies. Besides the tangible heritage associated with industrial technology and processes, engineering, architecture and town-planning, it includes many intangible dimensions embodied in the skills, memories and social life of workers and their communities.

过去两个世纪的全球工业化进程构成了人类历史上的重要阶段，这使得工业遗产对于现代社会尤其重要和关键。在世界许多地区，工业化的先导和开端可以通过活态厂址或者考古遗址追溯到古代，我们的关注点也得以延伸到任何全球工业化进程及其遗产的案例上。然而，对于我们而言，以下联合准则的基本旨趣与现代工业革命的理念如出一辙，以独特、专业化的生产、交通和能源为标志，衍生出工艺和技术、贸易和商业互动以及新的生活和文化模式。

The global process of industrialisation observed over the past two centuries constitutes a major stage of human history, making its heritage particularly important and critical to the Modern World. Precursors and beginnings of industrialisation can be recognized in many parts of the world well back into ancient times through active or archaeological sites, and our attention extends to any examples of such process and its heritage. However, for our purposes, these joint principles’ primary interests coincide with the common notions of the Modern Era Industrial Revolution, marked by distinctive and dedicated production, transportation and power‐generating or harnessing processes and technologies, trade and commercial interactions, and new social and cultural patterns.

工业遗产非常脆弱，常处在破坏的风险之中，甚至消失，一是人们缺乏对工业遗产的保护意识，存档或保护措施不健全，此外，经济趋势不断变化、人们对工业遗产持负面看法、工业化导致的环境问题，及其涵盖的规模、复杂性都是造成工业遗产困境的主要原因。然而，通过延续现存构筑物和其内在动力的生命周期，对工业建筑遗产的保护有助于在国际、国家和区域各个层面上实现可持续发展的目标。这种可持续发展不仅触及发展的物质层面和环境层面，也对社会有所影响，因此我们应当对工业遗产保护持肯定和认同的态度。

The industrial heritage is highly vulnerable and often at risk, often lost for lack of awareness, documentation, recognition or protection but also because of changing economic trends, negative perceptions, environmental issues or its sheer size and complexity. Yet, by extending the life‐cycle of existing structures and their embodied energy, conservation of the built industrial heritage, can contribute to achieving the goals of sustainable development at the local, national and international levels. It touches the social as well as the physical and environmental aspects of development and should be acknowledged as such.

过去几十年中，关于工业遗产的研究、国际和跨学科的合作以及社会团体的行动越来越多，人们对工业遗产的重视程度与日俱增的增长已经为提高工业遗产的评价水平做出了贡献，并增进了管理者、利益者和专业人士之间的协作。这一进步得益于国际古迹遗址理事会（ICOMOS）颁布的一系列国际参考文献文集和导则以及一些国际性建议和保护措施的实施，比如联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）1972年通过的《世界遗产公约》。2003年，国际工业遗产保护委员会 (TICCIH) 通过了《关于工业遗产的下塔吉尔宪章》，这是世界上公认的第一部致力于指导保护和保存工业遗产的国际公约。

Over the past decades, growing research, international and interdisciplinary cooperation as well as community initiatives have greatly contributed to a better appreciation of the industrial heritage and increased collaboration between stewards, stakeholders and professionals. This progress has benefitted from the development of a corpus of international references and guidelines by ICOMOS – the International Council on Monuments and Sites, and the implementation of international recommendations and instruments such as the World Heritage Convention adopted by UNESCO in 1972. In 2003, The International Committee for the Conservation of Industrial Heritage (TICCIH) adopted its Nizhny Tagil Charter for the Industrial Heritage, a first international reference text of such recognition to guide protection and conservation in the field.

鉴于工业遗产的本质具有特殊性，以及工业遗产与当代经济、法律、文化和环境均有联系，从而导致问题和威胁重重，国际古迹遗址理事会和国际工业遗产保护委员会有意在档案记录、保护、维护和评价等方面深化合作，通过采取和推行以下准则来促进工业遗产作为世界人类文化遗产的一部分得以保存下来。

Acknowledging the particular nature of the industrial heritage and the issues and threats affecting it as a result of its relation to the contemporary economic, legal, cultural and environmental contexts, ICOMOS and TICCIH wish to expand their cooperation by adopting and promoting the dissemination and use of the following Principles to assist in the documentation, protection, conservation and appreciation of industrial heritage as part of the heritage of human societies around the World.

(1) 定义：工业遗产包括遗址、构筑物、复合体、区域和景观，以及相关的机械、物件或档案，作为过去曾经有过或现在正在进行的工业生产、原材料提取、商品化以及相关的能源和运输的基础设施建设过程的证据。工业遗产反映了文化和自然环境之间的深刻联系：无论工业流程是原始的还是现代的，均依赖于原材料、能源和运输网络等自然资源，以生产产品并分销产品至更广阔的市场。工业遗产分为有形遗产，包括可移动和不可移动的遗产，和无形遗产的维度，例如技术工艺知识、工作组织和工人组织，以及复杂的社会和文化传统，这些文化财富塑造了社群生活，给整个社会和全世界带来了结构性改变。

(1) Definition: The industrial heritage consists of sites, structures, complexes, areas and landscapes as well as the related machinery, objects or documents that provide evidence of past or ongoing industrial processes of production, the extraction of raw materials, their transformation into goods, and the related energy and transport infrastructures. Industrial heritage reflects the profound connection between the cultural and natural environment, as industrial processes – whether ancient or modern – depend on natural sources of raw materials, energy and transportation networks to produce and distribute products to broader markets. It includes both material assets – immovable and movable –, and intangible dimensions such as technical know‐how, the organisation of work and workers, and the complex social and cultural legacy that shaped the life of communities and brought major organizational changes to entire societies and the world in general.

(2) 从其在历史中的用途、设计和演进来看，工业厂址极具多样性。许多工业厂址是工艺流程、技术以及区域或历史条件下的典型代表，而另一些则成为有全球影响力的卓越作品。除此之外，还有一些复合体和构件相对独立的各种遗址或系统，同时展现了不同的技术构成和历史时段。工业遗产的意义和价值内化于建筑或遗址自身中，包括物质构造、构件、机械和布局，以工业景观和书面文件，以及记忆、艺术和风俗等无形的档案记录等作为呈现方式。

(2) Industrial heritage sites are very diversified in terms of their purpose, design and evolution over time. Many are representative of processes, technologies as well as regional or historical conditions while others constitute outstanding achievements of global influence. Others are complexes and multiple site operations or systems whose many components are interdependent, with different technologies and historical periods frequently present. The significance and value of industrial heritage is intrinsic to the structures or sites themselves, their material fabric, components, machinery and setting, expressed in the industrial landscape, in written documentation, and also in the intangible records contained in memories, arts and customs.

I – 存档并理解工业遗产构筑物、厂址、区域和景观及其价值
I ‐ Document and understand industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes and their values

(3) 研究和记录工业构筑物、厂址、景观和相关的机械、设备、记录或无形遗存的研究和记录，对它们的识别、保护以及遗产意义和价值的评价极为重要。蕴藏在旧工业工艺流程中的人类技能和知识是遗产保护中至关重要的资源并应当在其价值评价过程中予以充分考虑。

(3) Researching and documenting industrial structures, sites, landscapes and the related machinery, equipment, records or intangible aspects is essential to their identification, conservation, and the appreciation of their heritage significance and value. Human skills and knowledge involved in old industrial processes are a critically important resource in conservation and must be considered in the heritage evaluation process.

(4) 研究和记录工业遗产和构筑物必须着重于它们的历史、技术和社会经济维度，以为保护和管理提供完整的基础。这需要基于交叉学科研究和教育项目的跨学科方法，以认定其工业厂址或构筑物的重要意义。这项工作将受益于专业知识和信息的多样化，包括：厂址调查和记录、历史和考古的考察、材料和景观的分析、口述历史和/或公共的、机构的或个人的档案研究。应当鼓励对于文件记录、公司档案、构筑物规划、产品样本的研究和和保存。对文件的评价和评估应当由相关产业的适当专家来确定其遗产意义。社区和其他利益相关者的参与也是行动中不可或缺的一部分。

(4) Researching and documenting industrial heritage sites and structures must address their historical, technological and socio‐economical dimensions to provide an integrated base for conservation and management. It requires an interdisciplinary approach supported by interdisciplinary research and educational programmes to identify the significance of industrial heritage sites or structures. It should benefit from a diversity of sources of expertise and information including site surveys and recording, historical and archaeological investigation, material and landscape analysis, oral history and/or research in public, corporate or private archives. Research and preservation of documentary records, company archives, building plans, and specimens of industrial products should be encouraged. The evaluation and assessment of documents should be undertaken by an appropriate specialist in the industry to which they relate to determine their heritage significance. The participation of communities and other stakeholders is also an integral part of this exercise.

(5) 对区域或国家的工业史、社会经济史及其与世界的联系和交流历程的透彻了解，对于理解工业遗存厂址和构筑物的意义是有必要的。针对关键性的工业部门或技术，单一产业语境研究、类型学和区域性的比较研究，非常有助于我们认知蕴藏在单体构筑物、厂址、区域和景观上的价值。公众、学者和管理者应当有条件接触和查询这些资源。

(5) Thorough knowledge of the industrial and socioeconomic history of an area or country or their links to other parts of the world is necessary to understand the significance of industrial heritage sites or structures. Single industry context, typological or regional studies, with a comparative component, aimed at key industrial sectors or technologies are very useful in recognizing the heritage values inherent in individual structures, sites, areas or landscapes. They should be accessible and searchable by the public, scholars as well as managers.

II – 确保有效保卫和保护工业遗产的构筑物、厂址、区域和景观
II ‐ Ensure effective protection and conservation of the industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes

(6) 应当采取并施用适宜的政策、法律和管理手段以保卫工业遗产厂址和构筑物并确保包括机械和记录在内的工业遗产厂址的保护。这些手段应当强调工业遗产、工业产品和经济之间的紧密联系，尤其是对公司的规则和投资、贸易或者智力财富（例如专利以及适用于活态工业运行标准）的尊重。

(6) Appropriate policies, legal and administrative measures need to be adopted and adequately implemented to protect and ensure the conservation of industrial heritage sites and structures, including their machinery and records. These measures have to address the close relation between the industrial heritage, industrial production and the economy, in particular with respect to rules for corporations and investments, trades or intellectual property such as patents, and standards applicable to active industrial operations.

(7) 应当把构筑物、厂址、区域和景观以及相关的物件、文件、图纸和档案或者无形遗产的集成名录和清单，以其作为有效地管理和保存政策和保卫手段的一部分加以拓展和利用。这些材料应受到法律的认可和充足的保护管理以确保他们的意义、完整性和真实性得以维持。因意外发现而认定的工业遗产，应当采取临时的保护措施，为适当的遗产存档和研究留出足够的时间。

(7) Integrated inventories and lists of structures, sites, areas, landscapes their setting and associated objects, documents, drawings and archives or intangible heritage should be developed and used as part of these effective management and conservation policies and protection measures. These should benefit from a legal recognition, adequate conservation and management to ensure that their significance, integrity and authenticity are maintained. In the case of industrial heritage identified through fortuitous discovery, temporary protection should be granted to allow time necessary for proper heritage documentation and research.

(8) 对于有遗产价值的活态工业构筑物或者厂址，必须认识到，作为生活制造或开采设备，它们的用途和功能的延续承载着他们某些遗产价值并为材料和经济的可持续发展提供适宜条件。应对来自自然或人类的灾害，实施当代构筑物章程、环境规范或者降低风险策略等制度时需要尊重其具体的技术特点和功能。

(8) In the case of active industrial structures or sites of heritage significance, it must be recognized that their continued use and function might carry some of their heritage significance and provide adequate conditions for their physical and economic sustainability as a living production or extraction facilities. Their specific technical characteristics and features need to be respected while implementing contemporary regulations such as building codes, environmental requirements or risk reduction strategies to address hazards of natural or human origin.

(9) 鉴于体量和功能的完整性对与工业遗产的构筑物和厂址非常重要，应当对构筑物及其内容施以保护手段。如果机械装置或其他重要的构件被移除，或者构成完整厂址的附属元素被破坏，遗产价值可能会极大地破坏或降低。应当建立健全法律和管理体系，赋予其迅速反应的权限，在工业遗产厂址关停时，使设备、工业物件和其他相关记录等关键元素免遭移除或毁坏。

(9) Protection measures should apply to buildings and their contents since completeness or functional integrity is especially important to the significance of industrial heritage structures and sites. Their heritage value may be greatly jeopardized or reduced if machinery or other significant components are removed, or if subsidiary elements which form part of a whole site are destroyed. Legal and administrative frameworks should be developed to enable authorities to respond quickly to the closure of operating industrial heritage sites and complexes to prevent removal or destruction of significant elements such as machinery, industrial objects or related records

III – 保护和维护工业遗产构筑物、厂址、区域和景观
III ‐ Conserve and maintain the industrial heritage structures, sites, areas and landscapes

(10) 适宜的原状或者改变并继承的使用是最常用的方法，也往往是保护工业遗产厂址或构筑物最可持续的方法。新的用途应当尊重重要的材料、构件和流通运转模式。为了确保在工业遗产厂址和构筑物的可持续利用管理中，遗产价值得以充分考虑和尊重，专门的技能是必须的。当建筑规范、降低风险的要求、环境或行业法规以及其他标准需要通过本体干预强制落实时，应当将遗产的维度纳入考虑，以适宜的方法来实施这些规范。

(10) Appropriate original or alternative and adaptive use is the most frequent way and often the most sustainable way of ensuring the conservation of industrial heritage sites or structures. New uses should respect significant material, components and patterns of circulation and activity. Specialist skills are necessary to ensure that the heritage significance is taken into account and respected in managing the sustainable use of these industrial heritage sites and structures. Building codes, risk mitigation requirements, environmental or industrial regulations, and other standards should be implemented in an adapted way to take heritage dimensions into account when they are enforced through physical interventions.

(11) 对本体的干预要尽可能的可逆，并尊重其年代价值和有重要意义的轨迹和标记。应当记录所有改动。在处于教育目的的特殊情况下，恢复到先前已知的状态是可以接受的，这种恢复必须基于透彻的研究和存档。仅在已证明的经济或社会绝对需求的特殊情况下分解和迁，址可以接受的。

(11) Wherever possible, physical interventions should be reversible, and respect the age value and significant traces or marks. Changes should be documented. Reverting to a previous known state may be acceptable under exceptional circumstances for educational purposes, and must be based on thorough research and documentation. Dismantling and relocating are only acceptable in extraordinary cases when the destruction of the site is required by objectively proved overwhelming economic or social needs.

IV – 呈现与传达遗产维度、工业构筑物、厂址、区域和景观价值以提高公众和企业的认知并支持培训和研究
IV ‐ Present and communicate the heritage dimensions and values of industrial structures, sites, areas and landscapes to raise public and corporate awareness, and support training and research

(12) 为应对工业遗产厂址或构筑物未来的淘汰、停运和/或改造的情况下，应当记录包括拆除的构件或者搬迁的机械在内的过程。它们的物质形式、功能和位置，作为工艺流程的一部分应当详尽记载。与工作流程相关人物的口头和/或书面的故事也应予以收集。

(12) In case of prospective redundancy, decommissioning, and / or adaptation of industrial heritage sites or structures, the processes should be recorded including, for example, where components have to be demolished and machinery has to be removed. Their material form as well as their functioning and location as part of the industrial processes should be exhaustively documented. Oral and / or written stories of people connected with work processes should also be collected.

(13) 工业遗产是需要多维度沟通学习的资源。它显示了随着时间的流逝，国际、国内以及地方历史和交流互动等重要信息。它展示了关于科学和技术发展，以及社会和艺术活动的创造才华。公众和企业对工业遗产的认知和了解是其成功保护的重要手段。

(13) The industrial heritage is a source of learning which needs to be communicated in its multiple dimensions. It illustrates important aspects of local, national and international history and interactions over times and cultures. It demonstrates the inventive talents related to scientific and technological developments, as well as social and artistic movements. Public and corporate awareness and understanding for the industrial heritage are important means for its successful conservation.

(14) 一些项目和设施应当发展并延续，比如活态工业遗产厂址参观和工序，以及与历史、机械、工艺流程、工业或城市博物馆和解释中心、展览、出版物、网站、区域的或跨境的路线、相关故事等无形遗产的展示，作为提高人们关于工业遗产对当代社会丰富意义的认知和评价水平的手段。理想情况下，这些项目和设施设置于那些工业化进程已经发生并能最好传达的地区的遗址之中。在有可能的情况下，遗产研究和保护领域的国内外机构应有权使用这些项目和设施，以作面向大众和专业团体的教育用途。

(14) Programmes and facilities such as visits of active industrial heritage sites and the presentation of their operations as well as the stories and intangible heritage associated with their history, machinery and industrial processes, industrial or city museums and interpretation centres, exhibitions, publications, websites, regional or trans‐boundary itineraries should be developed and sustained as means to raise awareness and appreciation for the industrial heritage in the full richness of its meaning for contemporary societies. These should ideally be located at the heritage sites itself where the process of industrialisation has taken place and can be best communicated. Wherever possible, national and international institutions in the field of research and conservation of heritage should be empowered to use them as educational facilities for the general public and the professional communities.